Wednesday 28 November 2012

Hex House


Hex House

On the back roads of southern York County Pennsylvania, there lies a lonely grave, marked with a pentagram. It is the final marker of a local “pow-wow” practitioner, healer and shaman Nelson Rehmeyer.
Rehmeyer lived in what is now known as “Hex House”, a two-storey house in the middle of nowhere that is said to be haunted. He was described as being over six feet tall, with deep-set eyes and a very powerful presence. A married man, whose wife lived in the local town, away from him because he was, as she stated “too damn particular”.


Photo of Rehmeyer at approx. 30 years of age
Rehmayer practised a religion known locally to Pennsylvanians as “pow-wow”. Pow-wow, not to be mistaken for the American Indian term, is a shamanistic based belief that interweaves Christian theology with folk magic, sorcery and witchcraft into a unique religion. Sometimes practitioners are also known as Braucher's, or if spoken of negatively, “Hexenmeisters” or “Hexers”

The term “pow-wow” used to describe this unique religion was first used in “The Long Lost Friend”, a book written by John George Hohman and first published in German as “Der Lange Verborgene Freund” in 1820.
The books speak of rituals, binding spells, healing spells, protective spells and icons as well as hexes and other mysterious practices used in the religion.

The religion came to America, and into Pennsylvania, through German immigrants seeking freedom from religious persecution, these religious immigrants would eventually be known as the Pennsylvania Dutch.

At 12:01am, on the 28th of November, Nelson Rehmeyer was brutally beaten to death in his own home. His body was mutilated and then burnt.

The very spot Rehmeyer died and was burnt
His attackers were three young men, John Curry, aged 14, Wilbert Hess aged 18 and John H Blymyer aged 32, their motive... John Blymyer had been a sickly and very unlucky person in his life, dealing with a lot of mental health issues. He suffered from “bad thoughts” and “dark visions” and sought help for these maladies from a local with. Local pow-wow Doctor, Nellie Noll, convinced Blymyer that he had been placed under a hex by witch doctor Nelson D Rehmeyer, He was told by Noll that getting hold of Rehmeyers spellbook and burning it, or burying a lock of Reymeyer's hair would break the hex.

Blymire decided his course of action was to go to Rehmeyers house, break-in and find the hair and bury it, or find the book and destroy it. When the young men broke into the house they were startled to find Rehmeyer home, they demanded to have the hex lifted, and when Rehmeyer wouldn’t co-operate, they tried to overpower him, a struggle ensued, a rope was put around Rehmeyers neck and the intruders began beating him, eventually killing him. Blymire stated, that he felt the curse lift upon the death of Rehmeyer.

Two days later on Thanksgiving, Rehmeyers nearest neighbour found his dead, mutilated body in the house, and the hunt was on for the killers.

The three intruders were eventually caught and faced trial. Once proceedings began and the subject matter came out, the case became a worldwide sensation, even making the newspapers here in Adelaide, South Australia (The Advertiser, Tuesday 5 February 1929, page 15 ).

Quiet York County, Pennsylvania was now known across the world for being home to a 20th-century Witchcraft trial!
The three confessed to the horrible act they had perpetrated and awaited sentence from the Judge.
The trial had attracted vast amounts of attention, including that of Clarence G. Darrow, an eminent lawyer and scholar.
Darrow had his own opinions about the trial. His opinion was published in the newspaper, The Harrisburg "Patriot," Feb. 21, 1929

"Belief in witchcraft cannot, in itself, be thought a crime. If it is there would be but few of us really innocent. Not so many years ago our best people and devout Christians not only believed in witches but guaranteed their celestial happiness by murdering them.
"We placidly admit that there are sections of our country where people are isolated by their own customs and thought, or by geography, and live quaintly a century and a half behind our little more enlightened communities. But we forget that a mere century and a half takes us almost back to Cotton Mather and the stake. Then witches were hanged for the glory of God and for the peace of mind of those who thought they had been or might be bewitched. There are today groups of people who have advanced but little in mentality beyond the ignorant frenzy that glorified in hangings.
"Even today a literal interpretation of the Bible would force us to believe in witchcraft and sorcery. And those simple folk of which that Curry boy is a product hold strictly to the Word just as they find it. To them, the Witch of Endor is very real. The devil is real. Spells are real. In their world, furnished by traditions, myths and Old World lore, handed down unchanged from one generation to another, there are evil spirits as certain as a flying railroad train bearing down on a motorist stalled on the tracks.
"Is there any doubt that Curry and those others believed that Rehmeyer had an evil power which he could exercise at will? Is there any doubt that they thought a lock of his hair would break the spell? Nothing new in that belief, nothing unusual. Reach into your own pocket for your own personal protector against bad luck.
"Our belief in capital punishment as a deterrent is just another form of witchcraft. Apart from the mass desire for revenge, there is a subconscious desire to rid ourselves of what we believe to be an evil person. We look in vain for any proof that executions have had any effect on crime. When England punished by death everything from bread and sheep stealing to wholesale killing, crime was far more general than it is today. Education and the training of youth in trades and profession has diminished crime, never the death penalty.
"Isn't there every reason to believe that the crime of murder is a symptom. In the York case it was clearly a symptom of a prevailing ignorance, a condition which should never be allowed to exist in the State of Pennsylvania. . . ."


The trials began on January 9th, 1929. Judge Sherwood presided.
Judge Sherwood decreed that all mention of Hex and Witchcraft be struck from the record and that witchcraft and hexes were not to be used as a defence in the case.
With the Witchcraft aspect of the case removed, the trial focussed on the robbery and murder of Rehmeyer.
The Court case was one of the quickest ever conducted in Pennsylvania, all three defendants were found guilty. Blymyer and curry of Murder in the first degree and Hess, murder in the second degree

The sentences were handed down on January 14th. Blymire and Curry were given life in prison and Wilbert was given 10 to 20 years. In 1934, Hess and Curry were paroled and lived quiet lives in the York area. Curry became an artist and died in 1962. Blymire was finally paroled in 1953, returned to York and worked as a janitor.

In 2012 the “Hex House” as it is locally known has been slowly restored by a descendant of Rehmeyer and made into a museum.
There is a great deal of local haunting legends about the house, with a number of eyewitness accounts about a tall man seen in the yard, or in the house. A paranormal team has also captured EVP's that can be found online by searching for “Hex House” on youtube.


Video footage of Hex House


References
http://naturalplane.blogspot.com.au/2010/08/hex-hollow-murder.html




© 2012 Eidolon Paranormal
written and researched by
Allen Tiller
www.eidolonparanormal.com.au


Sunday 25 November 2012

Paranormal Investigators: Past & Present: John Broeckelmann


Adelaide Shadow HunterJohn Broeckelmann



Today we visit a good friend of mine, John Broeckelmann, Co-founder of Adelaide Shadow Hunters, a paranormal investigation team based right here in South Australia.

John had his first experience with the paranormal at a young age when he saw the apparition of a man at his grandparent's house. John remembers clearly what he saw, a man wearing a cowboy hat and overalls with a blue checked, long-sleeve shirt underneath. His face appeared almost transparent with a grey hue to it, his eye sockets and nose were hollow spaces.
John remembers the ghostly image opening the bedroom door, staring at him for a few seconds before leaving.

Of course, this experience stayed with John as he grew older and piqued his interest in the paranormal, especially ghosts and hauntings. Eventually, John co-founded the Adelaide Shadow Hunters with Ben Bridges and began to investigate the possibilities of life after death, hauntings and ghosts.

My own team, Eidolon Paranormal, has worked closely with Johns team after meeting at St Johns cemetery in 2011. We told the A.S.H. Team about a few locations we thought they might like to explore and this led to them gaining their first A-class EVP at an abandoned house in South Australia's Mid North.
Via S.A. Paranormal, John and team were also invited to investigate the Capitol Theatre in Peterborough, a great experience for a newly formed team, and a great investigation which led to one of John & Ben's creepiest encounters.
Whilst stationed in the Antique shop next to the theatre, John & Ben heard footsteps approaching them, but no-one was to be seen. The disembodied footsteps were recorded on both video cameras the team had set up.
This isn’t the only time the team has come across disembodied footsteps, with a similar experience in a cemetery in the hills near Mt Crawford.

John lists his SB7-Spirit-Box as one of his favourite pieces of equipment and one that has verified information about a location for him before. Whilst investigating Kersbrook Cemetery a woman’s voice came through the ghost box and said what sounded like, “Ruth Rupoe”. After returning home, team member, Courtney did an online search of the names of people buried in the cemetery and found a lady named “Ruth Vercoe”...






John and team have been making videos of their adventures, some of which are available on the Adelaide Shadow Hunters youtube page, found here:

More information about investigations and adventures with the Adelaide Shadow Hunters, including contact information can be found via their website at

http://ashunters.com/


or on Facebook




© 2012 Eidolon Paranormal
written and researched by
Allen Tiller
www.eidolonparanormal.com.au

All content on “Eidolon Paranormal” site, blog and corresponding media pages (eg Facebook, twitter etc) is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any means or process without the written permission of the author. © 2012

All photos remain the property of their respective copyright owners and are displayed here for the purpose of education, research and review under the copyright act "fair usage" clause.

Some photo's used here on this site are sourced from The Sate Library of South Australia, and The National Library of Australia - all photos are out of copyright and have no usage restrictions implied.

Thursday 22 November 2012

Count Carl Von Cosel: Love Beyond Death


Count Carl Von Cosel: Love Beyond Death



Carl Tanzler
Count Von Cosel, also known as Carl Tanzler, was born in 1877. He was a German-born, American Radiologist who become obsessed with one of his patients, Elena Miagro de Hoyos.
Tanzler worked as a radiologist during the tuberculosis epidemic in the 1920s. He had a vision where he saw the ghost of a beautiful dark-haired woman that he knew would be his soul mate one day. Not long after this time he met Elena and fell deeply in love with her.

Elena

In 1926 Elena married Luis Mesa, she became pregnant but miscarried, after this tragedy Mesa left her and moved to Florida. Members of Elena's family were struck down with tuberculosis, eventually, Elena was diagnosed with the dreaded disease.
She started treatments with Tanzler who upon seeing her knew she was the woman he had seen in his vision, and he set about to make her his.
He would buy her jewellery and expensive gifts, beautiful clothing, and, unable to hold back his desire, told her he would love her now and forever beyond the grave.
Tanzler worked hard to keep Elena alive, but the disease soon overcame her and she died.
Tanzler paid for Elena's funeral and the building of an above-ground tomb for his beloved Elena, a tomb with which he would become all too familiar. Every night upon the completion of his work he would visit Elena's tomb and lay flowers, then using a key he had cut, he would let himself inside her tomb and sleep beside her corpse.
Six months after he started this bizarre practice he decided it would be more comfortable if Elena came home with him, so he stole her corpse from the tomb and returned home with it.


The silk and wax covered face of Elana
After six months Elena's body was suffering greatly from decomposition, Tanzler stuffed her body cavities with old rags and rejoined her disjointed bones and limbs with piano wire. He inserted glass eyes in her eye sockets, and as her skin deteriorated, he replaced it with layers of silk soaked in wax.
He had a wig made for her out of hair given to him by Elena's own Mother after her funeral, and dressed her corpse in fine clothing and jewels, to cover the smell of her decomposition he sprayed her with perfume.
She spent all day and night laying in his bed,
He even went as far as to add a tube into her vagina so he could have sex with her

It took 9 years before his acts were discovered. Elena's sister had heard rumours that her sister's corpse was in Tanzlers house,
 she confronted him and soon reported him. Tanzler was arrested and sent to be psychologically examined.
Doctors found him competent for trial and he was charged with "wantonly and maliciously destroying a grave and removing a body without authorisation." Luck was on Tanzelers side though as the case was eventually dropped and he was released, as the statute of limitations for the crime had expired
Elena's body was recovered and put on display in Dean-Lopez Funeral home in Florida, the case attained extreme amounts of media coverage and many people came to look at poor Elena Hoyos's body.
Eventually, she was reburied in Key West Cemetery in an unmarked grave to stop Tanzler from interfering with her body again.
Before and After
Tanzler eventually went on to write an autobiography that appeared in “Fantastic Adventures” a fantasy magazine. He moved to Pasco county Florida, closer to his estranged wife Doris (of whom he had separated with sometime around 1928. They had two daughters, Ayesha Tanzler and Crysta Tanzler)
Upon his death it was discovered that Tanzler had created a new effigy of Elena from her death mask, it has been claimed by some conspiracy fans that Elena's body had been given back to Tanzler and that the effigy was the real Elena Hoyos, again removed from the grave.



As an interesting side note, Tanzler spent some time in Australia. The following “Editorial Note“ accompanying the autobiographical account “The Trial Bay Organ: A Product of Wit and Ingenuity” by “Carl von Cosel,“ in the Rosicrucian Digest of March and April 1939, gives details about his stay in Australia before and during World War I and his return to Germany after the war:
”Many years ago, Carl von Cosel travelled from India to Australia with the intention of proceeding to the South Seas Islands. He paused in Australia to collect equipment and suitable boats, and to become acquainted with prevailing weather and sea conditions. However, he became interested in engineering and electrical work there, bought property, boats, an organ, an island in the Pacific—so that he was still in Australia at the end of ten years. He had just begun to build a trans-ocean flyer when the war broke out and the British military authorities placed him in a concentration camp for 'safe-keeping' along with many officers India and China who were prisoners of war. Later he was removed to Trial Bay to a castle-like prison on the cliffs, and there the work in this narrative was accomplished. At the end of the war no prisoner was permitted to return to his former residence, but all were shipped to the prisoner's exchange in Holland. When Carl von Cosel was released he set out to find his mother from whom he had not heard since the beginning of the war. Finding her safe, he remained with her for three years, witnessing the chaos that followed in the wake of the war. ... Finally, she suggested that her son return to his sister in the United States ….”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Tanzler#cite_note-Swicegood-1

http://www.weirdworm.com/carl-tanzler-romancing-the-dead/

http://www.angelfire.com/magic/scotlass/voncosel.html


© 2012 Eidolon Paranormal
written and researched by
Allen Tiller
www.eidolonparanormal.com.au


Sunday 18 November 2012

Paranormal Investigators: Past and Present:Special Edition: Dan Aykroyd


Dan Aykroyd

"Is there something strange...in your neighbourhood, who ya gonna call?




Born in Ottawa Ontario, Canada, on July 1st 1952 (Also “Canada Day”) Daniel Edward Aykroyd would grow up to be one of Canada’s leading comedians and actors.
Dan has had an amazing acting career, spanning television, theatre and movies, he has also recorded albums with The Blues Brothers Band. Dan also received an “Order Of Canada” award on October 21st 1998.
It is reported that Dan, in his early years suffered from Tourrettes Syndrome and is also a victim of “syndactylism” a birth defect where several digits are fused together.
Dan was also born with another very rare defect, “Complete Heterochromia”, his right eye is blue and his left eye is brown

Dan Aykroyd grew up in a Roman Catholic family, his great Grandfather, Samuel Aykroyd was a mystic who kept in contact with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, both being involved in the Spiritualist movement.
Dan's interest in the paranormal and spirituality was natural and accepted in the family, Dan stated of his upbringing
 “All that stuff (spiritualism and the paranormal) was hanging around the old farmhouse I grew up in, so I was kind of steeped in it

Many know that Dan Aykroyd began his Television career in Canada, and soon became a star in the U.S.A. via Saturday night live, from which was born many of Dan's recognised characters, but most of you will, of course, remember Dan Aykroyd best from "Ghostbusters", where he played parapsychology professor, Dr Raymond Stantz, but, did you know that Dan Aykroyd is also an avid investigator of the paranormal, particularly Ufology?

Dan Aykroyd produced his own DVD, titled ”Dan Aykroyd: Unplugged on UFO's" in 2005 where he is candidly interviewed by Ufologist David Sereda. In the documentary, Dan discusses various aspects of UFO phenomenon.
Dan, in 2009 wrote the foreword for his psychic investigator brother, Peter Aykroyd's book titled “A History Of Ghosts” which looks into his families historical involvement with the Spiritualist movement. The book's inspiration comes from handwritten notes by Dan and Peters Father and their Grandfather, found in a locked trunk in their family home. Samuel Aykroyd and Dan's father Peter (Snr), regularly took part in seances to try and make contact with the dead, Samuel always kept notes on all that was happening and being said, on a press junket to promote the book Dan is quoted as saying:

"If you ever wanted to know anything about seances, mediums, everybody from (spiritual investigators) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to Oliver Lodge to (Sir William) Crookes, (Emmanuel) Swedenborg, this is the encyclopaedia, this is the absolute definitive book for anybody who is interested in mediumship today or in the past."

Dan describes himself as a spiritualist in this quote;
“I am a Spiritualist, a proud wearer of the Spiritualist badge. Mediums and psychic research have gone on for many, many years... Loads of people have seen [spirits], heard a voice or felt the cold temperature. I believe that they are between here and there, that they exist between the fourth and fifth dimension, and that they visit us frequently.”
In 2007 Dan Aykroyd also made the news after reporting a ghost in his own Los Angeles Mansion. A home formerly owned by Ringo Starr of “The Beatles” and Mama Cass of “The Mama's and Papas”.
Dan believed at the time that it was Mama Cass haunting the property, moving items, turning appliances on and off, and even crawling into bed with him!




Dan Aykroyd also hosted the cult Canadian TV series “Psi: Factor – Chronicles Of The Paranormal” a scripted sci-fi/ paranormal drama dealing with cases based on the imaginary “Office of Scientific Investigation and Research", the show ran for 4 years spanning 88 episodes.




Recently Dan has been working on  Ghostbuster's themed games for various gaming consoles and helping write a new script for the much anticipated “Ghostbusters III”. Dan appears occasionally on U.S. Television talking about UFO-related phenomena and still continues his research and investigation into cases in Canada and the U.S.A.










http://naturalplane.blogspot.com.au/2009/10/dan-aykroyds-belief-in-paranormal.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/31/arts/31schi.html?_r=1



Researched and Written
By
Allen Tiller
www.eidolonparanormal.com.au


All content on “Eidolon Paranormal” site, blog and corresponding media pages (eg Facebook, twitter etc) is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any means or process without the written permission of the author. © 2012

All photos remain the property of their respective copyright owners and are displayed here for the purpose of education, research and review under the copyright act "fair usage" clause.

Some photos used here on this site are sourced from The State Library of South Australia, and The National Library of Australia - all photos are out of copyright and have no usage restrictions implied.

Sunday 11 November 2012

Paranormal Investigators: Past and Present: Daniel Kaempf


Spirit Research Team - LeipzigDaniel Kaempf



In this week's blog, we travel to the city of great historical and national importance to its citizens. A city that was once a trade route during the Holy Roman Empire. A city first documented in 1015 that has undergone significant change in the last century but still contains the worlds oldest trade fair, which started in the Middle Ages.

This city located 200 km south of Berlin, has seen death, with the region being the arena for a battle between Napoleons France against allies Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden in 1813.

In World War II this city was extensively bombed by the allied forces before the fighting moved into its streets, often the front line of battle came down to a “block to block” fierce warfare fight, that eventually saw this city fall to the allies.

The U.S. Army handed the city to the Russians when they pulled out their troops to predetermined occupation zones, and thus the city of Leipzig became part of the German Democratic Republic, or as we once knew it, East Germany.

A view of Leipzig
Today Leipzig is a city that is modernising with new buildings and infrastructure being built, and with a new positive outlook after years of being behind the Iron Curtain. With the new found freedoms has come an interest in Paranormal Investigating, and today, we visit Daniel, team leader of “ Spirit Research Team – Leipzig”.

S.R.T.L. Consists of three members, Founder Daniel Kaempf, Daniel Franke and Beatrice Petereit. Daniel founded the team in 2009 after spending some time with another local team named “Team Paranormal Investigation Leipzig”.

Daniel and team are a scientifically based investigation team, educating themselves with the latest techniques, terminology and theories.

I asked Daniel how being a paranormal investigator has changed his perspective of the paranormal, his reply “ There is a life after death. Working in the team has changed my whole perspective on the Paranormal. At first, I did not believe in it and now I'm sure that there may be something (there) “



Ehrenberg Stone Tomb of Winzigerod
The locations available to teams in Germany, and Europe are vast, sometimes amazing, old castles, old battlefields, houses that are centuries old. Spirit research Team has investigated some of these amazing locations including, Grawbosse Sanatorium, Leuchhtenburg Castle, Castle Arnstein and Ehrenberg Stone Tomb of Winzigerode, all locations that Investigators in the U.S.A., Australia and other parts of the world would fall over themselves to investigate if the opportunity came knocking!


Daniel tells me that one of his favourite locations, and one where the team have compiled a vast amount of data, and possible evidence, is an old German prison, but, at this stage, he is reluctant to release the exact location.

Castle Arnstein
The team often visits the same place multiple times to ascertain patterns and to collect data that will hopefully accumulate and eventually lead the team to be able to confirm that its vast amount of unreleased documentation and evidence is verifiable evidence of ghosts.


The “notes” section on S.R.T. Leipzig's Facebook page contains some of their investigation reports. These reports are quite detailed and give a great deal of insight into what a paranormal investigation team does before, during and after an investigation, a great resource for amateur investigators to gain a feel of an investigation procedure. You can find the notes at this address: 

( The notes are in German and can be translated by using Google Translate or Bing)


Leuchhtenburg Castle

Spirit Research Team- Leipzig is definitely a team to watch. This is a team with a great future, a fantastic work ethic and very professional conduct when it comes to their approach to cases. This is a team with great potential for bridging the gap of potential evidence, with the scrutiny in which they dissect their photos, videos, EVPs and other potential evidence, they are one team that is shining a bright light on the future of paranormal investigation, not only in Germany, but across Europe.




I would like to personally thank Daniel and the team for allowing me the privilege of interviewing them for this blog, and for being patient, as translating and making sense of what is asked and what is received, once translated is often quite difficult.




For more information on Spirit Research Team – Leipzig please find them on facebook and support them by liking their page at:


or email the team at:
danielkaempf@srt-leipzig.de.

The teams blog can be found at:

Interview, Reserached and Written by
Allen Tiller
www.eidolonparanormal.com.au
© 2012

All photos remain the property of their respective owners and are used here with permission

Sunday 4 November 2012

Paranormal Investigators:Past and Present: Wujud Paranormal Team


Wujud Paranormal Team



This week I am doing something a little different and profiling a team instead of an individual.  Wujud Paranormal Team hails from Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia.
Firstly let's look at the team word “Wujud”, it is an Arabic word, which translates to “existence”, “being” or “entity”. As a religious Islamic word, it derives a new meaning, one of a much deeper spiritual nature with the meaning “Being found or perceived by God”
My intent was to profile one person from this Malaysian team, but all seven investigators are truly interesting people, and as we in Australia don't hear much about Malaysian teams, particularly those with an Islamic view to the paranormal, I thought I would profile the team as a whole, the first time I am doing this for this blog series.


Wujud proudly works together as a team on investigations, with all team members; “Rb”, “Ana”, “Rosyam”, “Zoro”, “Ramli”, “Vierra” and “Senpai” all playing vital roles in the team's investigation and research into the paranormal.

Wujud likes to visit a local location, Taman SUK, Shah Alam, Malaysia listing it as their favourite place to investigate, with other locations, “Jugra, Klang Selangor”, “Serendah Rawang Selangor” and “Taman Rakyat, Klang Selangor” as other notable favourites. Team member, Sengai tells me that the team loves investigating in all these locations as there are portals to other dimensions located in each place, and that helps to make the locations more paranormally active increasing the potential to capture something on equipment. 

The team mostly uses the same types of equipment used by paranormal investigation teams worldwide, but really like their night vision cameras as it helps them to capture phenomena in low or no light.

One of the more interesting cases Wujud investigated was with an exorcist!
This team sure does find its way around Malaysia with a lot of interesting locations to investigate. You can check out a feature video about the team via their youtube channel, their Blogspot or via Facebook.

Facebook now gives the option to translate into English from other languages, so there is no reason to not go and support this Malaysian team by liking and reading their facebook page

The team are now involved in "Live streaming" through the Internet of their investigations - please visit this link to find out more:

www.wujudparanormal.blogspot.com


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baG57-QKuGA&feature=youtu.be 
www.wujudparanormalteam.blogspot.com

facebook.com/wujudparanormalteam

http://www.youtube.com/user/wujudparanormalteam 

Written 
By
Allen Tiller
www.eidolonparanormal.com.au

©2012 - All photo's remain the property of their initial copyright holders are used here with permission